Washington D. C.
WASHINGTON, D. C. general facts - Washington is not a state and not in a state --> independent federal district - the population is about 630,000 (metropolitan...
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Child Labor And Poverty
In the early 20thcentury poverty and child labor was spread widely in American society. Beginning in 1921, a growth without precedent in the history of the world began in the American economy....
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New York
New York New York is a big city in the United States of America. The Dutch founded New York in 1624. It wasn't very big at that time and called "New Amsterdam". It was first called...
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Mass Media in Great Britain
Mass Media in Great Britain
1. Newspapers
- Freedom of Press: the press is allowed to say what it likes without any interference by the
government
- trend towards concentration of newspaper ownership began in the early 1900s
- Monopolies and Mergers Act (1965): government is allowed to intervene if a paper is to be transferred to an owner whose papers have a daily circulation of 500,000 or more
- a national industry
- former centre: Fleet Street, London, now Docklands
- very high circulations <circulation figures>
- strong influence on public opinion
- mainly financed by advertising
- in the hands of a few big commercial enterprises
- Censorship:
1) no control or censorship by state
2) letter to the editor as the most common form to express one's opinion about an article
3) Press Council:
* set up of equal number of professionals Ooumalists) and non professional members
* functions:
prevention of unreasonable behaviour and untruthful reporting defence of the freedom of the press
maintenance of certain professional standards
deal with complaints against newspapers and periodicals
- Dailys and Periodicals
1) Quality papers (The Times, The Guardian)
* appeal to an educated readership
* national and international news
* great variety of topics of general interest
2) Popular papers (Today, Daily Mirror, The Sun)
appeal to everyday people
sensational news
informal language
3) Regional Papers (The Scotsrnan; Eastbourne Herald)
4) Great number of weekly papers and monthly periodicals (The Weekly Telegraph)
II. Television / Radio
Television begun in 1936 and became really popular after 1952 (coronation of QEII)
1) British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
- runs 5 national radio stations (Radio I - 5), 2 TV networks (BBC 1, BBC2)
- offers a wide range of programmes
- financed by the sale of TV licences, programmes and publications
- must be politically neutral and commercially independent.
- only responsible to Parliament
2) Independent Broadcasting Authority (1]3A)
- runs about 40 local radio stations, 2 TV channels, operates 15 regional TV stations - has to show impartiality in controverdal matters
- has to be accurate in its news coverage
- has to observe certain standards with regard violence
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